von Nasrullah Memon
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| [The amount of practical experience and] training that contributes to making an effective operative is not usually present in individuals younger than the early 20s.
Individuals in their teen-age have been employed as soldiers in guerrilla groups, but terrorist organizations usually do not tend to accept extremely young members, although they will use them as non-operational supporters or suicide bombers. Groups that utilize suicide operations will employ very young individuals as suicide assets, but these youths are not actually members of the organization, but are simply exploited or coerced into an operational role (Reich Walter, 1998). Many countries in the developing world subjected to ethnic, political, and religious violence; however, are seeing younger members being recruited by terrorist organizations. Pre-teens and adolescents are often receptive to terrorist recruiting because they have witnessed killings and see violence as the only way to deal with grievances (Hudson, A. R, 1999). |
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The amount of practical experience and training that contributes to making an effective operative is not usually present in individuals younger than the early 20s. Individuals in their teens have been employed as soldiers in guerilla groups, but terrorist organizations do not tend to accept extremely young members, although they will use them as non-operational supporters. Groups that utilize suicide operations will employ very young individuals as suicide assets, but these youths are not actually members of the organization, but simply exploited or coerced into an operational role. [FN 122] Many countries in the developing [FN 122] Walter Reich, ed., Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind, rev. ed. (Washington: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1998), 270. [p. 2-14] world subjected to ethnic, political, and religious violence; however, are seeing younger members being recruited by terrorist organizations. Pre-teens and adolescents are often receptive to terrorist recruiting because they have witnessed killings and see violence as the only way to deal with grievances. [FN 123] [FN 123] Rex A. Hudson, The Sociology and Psychology of Terrorism: Who Becomes a Terrorist and Why?, 48. |
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| 2.9.4 Gender
Terrorists are not exclusively male. Usually Women’s roles will often be constrained to support or intelligence and surveillance work, but some fundamentalist Islamic groups use women in operational roles. In groups where religious constraints do not affect women’s roles, female membership may be above 50%, with women fully integrated into operations. Female leadership of terrorist groups is not uncommon and female terrorists do not lay behind male counterparts in terms of violence and ruthlessness. For example, one-third of the Liberation Tiger of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) cadre is made up of women and it is reported that nearly 4,000 have been killed since they began taking part in combat in 1985, over 100 of those killed belonging to the dreaded Black Tiger suicide squad (http://www.eelam.com/ltte). In August 2004, female Chechen suicide bombers were responsible for detonating improvised explosive devices (IEDs) while on [Russian commercial flights that resulted in two aircraft crashes and the death of all people on board.] |
Gender
Terrorists are not exclusively male, even in groups that are rigorously Islamic. Women’s roles in these groups will often be constrained to support or intelligence work, but some fundamentalist Islamic groups use women in operational roles. In groups where religious constraints do not affect women’s roles, female membership may be above fifty percent, with women fully integrated into operations. Female leadership of terrorist groups is not uncommon, and female terrorists lack for nothing in terms of violence and ruthlessness. For example, one-third of the LTTE cadre is made up of women and it is reported that nearly 4,000 have been killed since they began taking part in combat in 1985, over 100 of those killed belonging to the dreaded Black Tiger suicide squad. [FN 125] In August 2004, female Chechen suicide bombers were responsible for detonating IEDs while on Russian commercial flights that resulted in two aircraft crashes and the death of all people on board. [FN 124] 124 “Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE),” South Asia Terrorism Portal, n.d., 2; available from http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/ countries/shrilanka/ terroristoutfits/Ltte.htm; Internet; accessed 7 July 2004. [FN 125] Ibid., 2. |
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